Turkophobia and Islamophobia[ 1 ] has a long tradition in the West, dating back as early as to the eleventh century when the Crusading armies from Europe arrived in the Middle East, firstly to drive the Seljuk Turks out of Anatolia, at the request of the Byzantine emperor, and ultimately retrieve the holy city of Jerusalem from the Muslims in [ 2 ]. Can Muslims Have Sex During Ramadan religious and cultural confrontation between the East and the West eventually led to the formation of a set of images to represent the other, as Edward Said describes in his Orientalist theory. Accordingly, for the West—initially Europe and subsequently America— the East has come to be viewed through binary oppositions—such as barbaric despotic East versus civilized and democratic West; sensual and exotic East versus rational and familiar West; backward superstitious Orientals versus advanced enlightened Westerners. After the United States began to exert its place in the world political arena at the end of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, which also corresponds to the waning power of the British imperialism, these culturally charged images and representations about the Turks were embraced and transferred to the American continent, unchanged. The writers and publishers in Victorian England and corresponding America in order to cater for this desire published works which served an exotic, sensual and barbaric East for a Western readership. As a result, travel writings about faraway locations and novels with Oriental characters in Eastern settings and decor became a Can Muslims Have Sex During Ramadan commodity to profit from, determining the nineteenth century perception of the Eastern other. Motivated by this assertion, this article will be an examination of the images and representations, catalyst in perpetuation of both Islamophobia and Turkophobia, maintained in American popular culture at the end of the nineteenth century, by a close study of St. Her Rescue from the Turks is a novel written by American popular fiction novelist, St. John Rathborne, who also authored many other adventure novels including Saved by the Sword: a romance of the Greco-Turkish warwhich offers a narrative about the Greek independence revolts against the Ottomans corresponding to the years between and Both have come to the East with a mission. According to the scheme, Osmar Pasha will take Amy into his harem as his wife while Mrs. Randolph will inherit all the money left from her husband. The novel, thus, opens by vilifying and othering peoples of the East as religious enemies. At the beginning of the twentieth century, with the emergence of a new genre of cinema, similar plot narratives—based on abduction of Western women into harems--were adopted; glaring examples of which are American silent romantic drama The Sheikand its sequel The Son of the Sheikboth starring famous Rodolph Valentino as the Oriental man who captures an American woman to put in his harem; Jewel of the Nilethe American hero played by Michael Douglas goes on a mission to rescue his girlfriend who is abducted by an Oriental man; or Harem a movie featuring Nastassja Kinski as the American businesswoman kidnapped and held captive in a harem of an Arab man played by Ben Kingsley. Likewise, in this article, I aim to show how similar Orientalist representations that are adopted unchanged for the Arabs, had been used for another Muslim people, the Turks before and during the nineteenth centuries. Accordingly in Her Rescue from the Turksa series of events unfold and in the end the Captain, reenacting the Orientalist fantasy of a nineteenth century Western man, with the help of his friend, invade the harem of Osmar Pasha, where Amy is held captive. Written in and published in New York incorresponding to the Progressive Era[ 5 ], the novel celebrates the emergence of America as the leading military and political power of the world, based on the technological advances and innovations which became visible in urbanization and industrialization of the former rural landscapes. This rapid Can Muslims Have Sex During Ramadan growth, helped by the completion of transcontinental railroad ways, mining and factory building, drew millions of poor immigrants from Europe, marking the New World as the place of prosperity and opportunities in comparison to weakening economies and power of old Europe and the rest of the world, including the Ottoman Turkey. An important economic and strategic center, Egypt, had already declared its sovereignty by the help of the British who invaded and occupied the city in ; the Armenians, through the support of coreligionists Catholic France, in the south-East of Anatolia rose in rebellion to start their own state; the Greeks with the help of the Russians, French and British had already declared independence in ; the Bulgarians began to be semi-autonomous after the Turko-Russian War of The novel, therefore, becomes one of the earlier examples of haughty pride and overconfidence customarily reinforced in American cinema and adventure romances. Written and published three decades after the end of the American Civil Warthe novel conflates post-war nationalist American sentiments in the alien context of the Ottoman Empire. The protagonists Captain, the Virginian and Ichabod, the Yankee, representing the South and the North in the American Civil War respectively, reconcile their differences and unite around one mission in this Oriental setting: to save an American girl from the Turks. The South and the North, represented by these two characters, symbolically unify in their collaboration against the common enemy, the Oriental Turk. It can be inferred that as an author of popular culture, Rathborne, building on American nationalist ideology, sets out to create the image of a strong unified country by its juxtaposition of East and West; Muslim and Christian; Turk and American through literature. While doing this, Rathborne resorts to Orientalist binary oppositions, which ultimately help stigmatize Turks and Islam as an enemy, an aberration and an anomaly. Thus, throughout the text, Turks and their Eastern-Islamic culture is represented as what the Western and American culture is not. The popular romance of Rahtborne, due to its Orientalist perceptions, becomes a jingoistic and chauvinistic celebration of the American patriotism; an unrelentingly demeaning portrayal of Islam as inferior to Christianity; a misinformed representation of Oriental women and the harem only serving to the creation of a false sense of superiority of Western counterparts; and a view of irredeemably backward and primitive Ottoman culture in opposition to advanced and rational American West. In this paper, I will try to bring textual evidences to illuminate each point. Citing the statistics released by the Gallup poll, in Who Speaks for Islam? Muslims are loyal to the United States. Her Rescue from the Turks reflects this presumption, as one such point of stigmatization that is observed in this romance is related to Islamic religion. Therefore, charged with biases, abstinence of the observing Muslim Turks from eating and drinking from dawn to sunset for one month is presented as an absolute strangeness and an extremity. The narrator, in the opening part of the novel, identifies the position of the protagonist as a Christian and familiar in opposition Can Muslims Have Sex During Ramadan the unfamiliar Muslims. The Captain, wandering through streets in Istanbul during the holy month of Ramadan, comments on the situation of the Turks, saying:. A peculiar people are these same Turks, and in no respect does their oddity crop out more remarkably than in following the teachings of the Koran, which enforces upon them this time the necessity of utter abstinence in the way of food and drink, between sunrise and sunset, but allows all manner of fEasting after the golden orb of the day has sunk behind the hills. Rathborne In a similar fashion, Christianity and Islam are contrasted repeatedly in the text, while the former is valorized for its virtuous teachings and humanity; the latter is disparaged for failing to bring out the good in people. So while cruelty and indecorum is an exception in Christian lands; it is an everyday happening in Muslim world. As it is the case with many travel narratives and novels about the East, the writers superimpose some concepts in Christianity onto Islam because of lack of information about the latter. This is also true for this novel.
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Support Us – Respect Graduate School Is fasting without major ablution allowed? Does becoming junub break the fast How Do Muslims Shower . I see “Muslims” drink alcohol, smoke, do drugs and hire prostitutes, but eating pork is usually where the vast majority draws the line. Is being junub an obstacle for fasting? On the Month of Ramadan / SEVENTH POINT - YENİ ASYAThis backwardness can also be observed in other areas such as communication technologies. At the beginning of the twentieth century, with the emergence of a new genre of cinema, similar plot narratives—based on abduction of Western women into harems--were adopted; glaring examples of which are American silent romantic drama The Sheik , and its sequel The Son of the Sheik , both starring famous Rodolph Valentino as the Oriental man who captures an American woman to put in his harem; Jewel of the Nile , the American hero played by Michael Douglas goes on a mission to rescue his girlfriend who is abducted by an Oriental man; or Harem a movie featuring Nastassja Kinski as the American businesswoman kidnapped and held captive in a harem of an Arab man played by Ben Kingsley. In addition to his fierceness at war, the Captain abides by the codes of chivalry such as comradeship and gentlemanliness in and out of the battlefield. She refuses because the harem means forgoing the freedom Western women enjoy:. Parent: He does not like the way the other kids are treating him.
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Is fasting without major ablution allowed? In order to do that, we practice self regulation and self. During this month we want to achieve consciousness of God and piety in order to attain His love. Does becoming junub break the fast How Do Muslims Shower . Is being junub an obstacle for fasting? Peace is not a day of peace, but only one throughout the year and every day we are all brothers, and we have one Father, and is Adam peace be upon him. I see “Muslims” drink alcohol, smoke, do drugs and hire prostitutes, but eating pork is usually where the vast majority draws the line.Divorce was also prohibited by the law. As a result, Osmar Pasha is repeatedly described by adjectives such as mogul, wicked, wily and wretched in the text. Others conceived harem as the places where oppression of Eastern women was played out. Although many are strict and orthodox in their beliefs on fasting during Ramadan, others are more pragmatic. Melman, Billie What are you majoring in? Osmar Pasha, as an Oriental evil stock character becoming a model for the American cinema , only serves as a foil character to crystalize the prowess of the Western hero. I wonder what you do at the end of all the fasting? The whole scene is worth quoting, as an indication of the overt jingoistic tone:. Speaking at a press conference in Recife earlier this week via T-Online in German , Ozil admitted he would not fast due to his involvement in the tournament. The most excellent fasting is to make the human senses and organs, like the eyes, ears, heart, and thoughts, fast together with the stomach. Ayşe: Tabii ki bu da orucun faydalarından biri. Aşağıda veliler ve öğretmenler arasında gerçekleşebilecek bazı örnek konuşmalar verilmiştir: Okulda zorbalık: Veli: Merhaba! After the United States began to exert its place in the world political arena at the end of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, which also corresponds to the waning power of the British imperialism, these culturally charged images and representations about the Turks were embraced and transferred to the American continent, unchanged. This is also true for this novel. It is a physical, mental and spiritual demand for all who observe, even those who have low physical demands at the time. The World Cup has presented a monumental challenge for all players competing in the heat and humidity of the Brazilian summer. To put it simply, the month of Ramadan is an extremely profitable display and market for the trade of the hereafter. As representing the stock Oriental male character, in another instance, Osmar Pasha is furious to see that Amy has left the party without his consent. Vatan topraklarından uzakta, din dil ve kültürü bizden farklı komşular edinmede ve bu ilişkileri güçlendirmede en büyük rol bize düşmektedir. In this particular scene, Amy confronts and outwits the dumfounded Pasha to rescue their imprisoned servant Daniel from his wrath through her agency and her bravery:. Ayşe: Bende memnun oldum. The protagonists Captain, the Virginian and Ichabod, the Yankee, representing the South and the North in the American Civil War respectively, reconcile their differences and unite around one mission in this Oriental setting: to save an American girl from the Turks. Jennifer: I always wanted to major in that field, but I ended up becoming a nurse. When was an Oriental nabob like himself ever braved by a woman before— but it makes a deal of difference whether the occasion is before marriage or after—whether the female in the case is a Turkish or American beauty. Building on the Eastern Question of the nineteenth century, which can be summarily defined as the political topic of debate emanating from secret plans of and negotiations between the imperialistic European powers to divide the Ottomans given the apparent signs of military and economic weaknesses observed since the late seventeenth century— Treaty of Karlowitz, signed after the failed siege of Vienna marked the end of the military eminence of the Ottoman Turks over Europe—the American romance uniformly calls on the West to interfere in the annexation of the Ottoman lands. This backwardness can also be observed in other areas such as communication technologies. As objects of male sexual desire, Eastern females are simply beauties without mind or will.
